Europe’s energy crisis didn’t start with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, it was two decades in the making.
Brenda Shaffer argues that ideologically-driven policies, phasing out nuclear and coal, banning fracking, and underinvesting in renewables, left Europe dangerously exposed even before the war began. She lays out what leaders got wrong and what it would actually take to fix it: long-term gas contracts, reversing nuclear shutdowns, and a technology-neutral energy strategy.
